Evidence and exhibits · Question 4 of 10
How do I authenticate documents?
Authentication shows a document is what you claim—through witness testimony, reply stipulation, or qualifying affidavits under business records rules.… General legal information for self-represented litigants—not legal advice.
Short answer
Authentication shows a document is what you claim—through witness testimony, reply stipulation, or qualifying affidavits under business records rules.
What the court expects
Self-authentication applies to some public records. Many pro se litigants fail by offering naked printouts without a witness who recognizes them.
Practical steps
Bring the person who created or received the record, or a custodian affidavit prepared under evidence rules.
Earlier in this series
If you are working through this topic step by step, review "What is the hearsay rule?" before moving to related deadlines and filings.
References and official sources
Cross-check every rule and deadline against current official publications. Links open external government and court resources.
Related questions
Deeper guides and resources
Evidence path
Progressive path: quick Q&A → deeper help → structured learning.
This Litigation Architect Q&A series provides general legal information for self-represented litigants. It is not legal advice, does not create an attorney-client relationship, and does not guarantee outcomes. Verify all deadlines, rules, and local requirements on your official court docket and with qualified counsel when needed.